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Southern Surveying and Mapping Instrument (accessories: wooden tripod, single prism set, prism tripod, prism rod) Model: H93 / 360R-362R Product introduction Angle measuring principle The angle measurement of the grating disk requires two plates. The silicon photocell is used as the receiver. The absolute code plate angle measurement needs to be initialized. One plate uses the CCD as the receiver. It is simpler and more stable. Same as NTS-360L, only the light-emitting tube uses a visible red laser tube, the power of the light-emitting tube is 10mw, which is intuitively visible, and the principle of prism-free range measurement is 300 meters. The principle of gallium arsenide light-emitting diode is used. , The receiving area is slightly smaller, the infrared laser tube has a small launch angle, good collimation, point-receiving surface reception, large receiving and storage area, ranging time, precise measurement for 3 seconds, tracking for 1 second, precise measurement for 1 second, tracking for 0.5 seconds, ruler 15MHz, The precision measuring ruler is 10 meters long, A total of three measuring rulers (transmitting 3 frequencies) 60MHz, precise measuring ruler 2.5 meters long, more accurate, a total of five measuring rulers (transmitting 5 frequencies) Range Single Prism 2Km Single Prism 5Km Distance measuring circuit performance: Light tube power: 1mw Circuit magnification: 1000 times single motor dimming phase measurement method: square wave single point sampling light tube power: 3mw Circuit magnification: 10,000 times dual motor two-stage dimming: large dynamic range phase measurement method: sine wave multi-point sampling, more accurate angle measurement electronic compensator Single-axis liquid capacitive electronic compensator, can only compensate in the vertical direction, compensation Stabilization time: 8 seconds dual-axis photoelectric electronic compensator, which can compensate in both vertical and horizontal directions. Compensation stabilization time: 5 seconds, faster, more stable, and more precise storage method and storage memory: 2 10,000 points memory: 20,000 points SD card: 2G (mass: 20 million points) The waterproof structure adopts a labyrinth waterproof structure, which can prevent rain, Waterproof and dustproof grade: IP33 grade adopts waterproof rubber ring structure for waterproof in each part, which can be waterproof, dustproof and moistureproof. Waterproof and dustproof grade: IP55

New Breakthroughs in Optical Components Leading Industry Transformation In today's rapidly developing technology, optical components, as one of the core components, have a profound impact on the entire industry due to their technological progress and application innovation. Recently, a series of new breakthroughs have been made in the field of optical components, bringing revolutionary changes to the entire industry. 1. New breakthroughs in optical components With the continuous emergence of new materials and technologies, the performance and function of optical components are also constantly improving. For example, the recently developed high-performance optical thin films have excellent transparency, anti reflection, and high temperature resistance, greatly improving the stability and reliability of optical components. 2. Expansion of application fields The application of optical components in medical, communication, aerospace and other fields is constantly expanding. Especially in the medical field, the application of high-precision optical components, such as endoscopes, microscopes, etc., makes medical diagnosis and treatment more accurate and efficient. 3. Market demand analysis With the development of the global economy and changes in population structure, the market demand for optical components is showing a continuous growth trend. Especially in emerging markets such as China and India, the demand for optical components has grown significantly. 4. Industry chain integration Faced with intensified market competition, upstream and downstream enterprises in the optical component industry chain have begun to strengthen cooperation, integrate resources, and improve the overall competitiveness of the industry. Through the integration of the industrial chain, not only can production costs be reduced, but product quality and production efficiency can also be improved. 5. Challenges and Opportunities Although the optical components industry is facing fierce market competition and technological challenges, it also nurtures huge development opportunities. With the continuous emergence of new materials and technologies, the performance and function of optical components will continue to improve, and the application fields will also be further expanded. In short, the optical component industry is facing new development opportunities, but also many challenges. Only by constantly innovating and actively responding to market changes can we stand invincible in fierce competition.

The optical components industry has ushered in a new round of growth, with technological innovation becoming the key to development With the rapid development of technology and continuous upgrading of the industry, the optical component industry is facing unprecedented development opportunities. In recent years, with the rapid development of fields such as smartphones, automobiles, and aerospace, the demand for optical components has shown explosive growth, and the market size continues to expand. According to statistics, the global optical component market has reached billions of dollars and is showing a steady growth trend. Among them, the Asian market occupies an important position, especially in regions such as China and South Korea, where the development of the optical component industry is particularly rapid. Enterprises in these regions have achieved significant results in technological innovation, product quality, cost control, and have made important contributions to the prosperity of the global optical component market. Technological innovation is a key factor driving the growth of the optical component industry. In recent years, with the continuous emergence of new materials and processes, the performance and quality of optical components have been significantly improved. For example, the research and application of new materials such as high refractive index glass and optical plastics provide strong support for the lightweight and miniaturization of optical components. Meanwhile, advanced processing technology and precision manufacturing equipment also provide guarantees for the high-precision and high-quality production of optical components. The widespread application of optical components has further driven the growth of the industry. In the field of smartphones, the popularity of features such as cameras and fingerprint recognition has led to an increasing demand for optical components. In the automotive field, the rapid development of technologies such as intelligent driving and in car cameras has also provided new market opportunities for optical components. In addition, optical components also play an indispensable role in fields such as aerospace and biomedicine. Faced with the prosperity and challenges of the market, optical component enterprises are also actively responding. On the one hand, enterprises are increasing their investment in research and development, promoting technological innovation and product upgrading to meet the growing market demand. On the other hand, enterprises also focus on cost control and quality management to improve product competitiveness. At the same time, enterprises actively expand market channels and strengthen cooperation with upstream and downstream enterprises to achieve optimization and coordinated development of the industrial chain. Looking ahead, the optical component industry will continue to maintain a rapid growth trend. With the continuous progress of technology and the expansion of application fields, the demand for optical components will further increase. Meanwhile, with the increasing global environmental awareness, optical component companies also need to focus on sustainable development and green production. Through measures such as technological innovation, quality improvement, and cost control, the optical component industry will usher in a better future. In short, the optical components industry, as an important component of the technology industry, is facing a new round of growth opportunities. Driven by technological innovation and market demand, the optical component industry will continue to grow and contribute to social progress.

Diffractive Rear Mirror also known as a cell mirror places in laser cavity to perform Near-Flat top Gaussian Beam Profile for medical purpose lasers. Our Diffractive Rear Mirrors are specialized for Nd:YAG Laser(1064nm). Part NO. Diameter(mm) Radius of curvature(mm) Edge thickness(mm) ·DRM-PCCM-20.0B-R2500-1064-0 ·20.0 ·2500 ·5.0 ·DRM-PCCM-20.0B-R3000-1064-0 ·20.0 ·3000 ·5.0 ·DRM-PCCM-20.0B-R4000-1064-0 ·20.0 ·4000 ·5.0 ·DRM-PCCM-25.4B-R2500-1064-0 ·25.4 ·2500 ·6.35 ·DRM-PCCM-25.4B-R3000-1064-0 ·25.4 ·3000 ·6.35 ·DRM-PCCM-25.4B-R4000-1064-0 ·25.4 ·4000 ·6.35

Custom Optical Prism Broadband visible use Low power applications High extinction ratio These polarizing cube beamsplitters provide a high degree of polarization over a broad visible spectral range. They are made by cementing the prisms together making them unsuitable for high power use. They use SF2 prisms and provide a high extinction ratio of at least 500:1.

Innovation of coating technology--coating Al2O3 coating by PVD process Since the EMO exhibition in 2005 announced a breakthrough in the coating of Al 2 O 3 coatings using PVD, the Dutch company Hauzer has cooperated with the world's major tool manufacturers in the performance testing of the coating. The test results confirm the coating results previously published in the Hauzer For You 10 magazine: the Al 2 O 3 coating coated with the PVD process has excellent adhesion, stable chemical properties, and excellent at temperatures up to 1100 ° C. Antioxidant capacity, good resistance to crater wear and high toughness. Process description This new coating system uses a hybrid coating technique to achieve deposition of the coating. This technology combines cathodic arc evaporation with tube magnetron sputtering in the same process. The arc-deposited TiAlN coating acts as a tie layer in the coating system and/or provides the required abrasion resistance to the coating system; the Al 2 O 3 coating provides high temperature stability to the system and Chemical stability. In a typical hybrid coating system, several arc and magnetron tube sputtering cathodes were installed. Prior to deposition, the workpiece is heated to operating temperature and the system pressure is reduced to base pressure. After the workpiece is subjected to argon plasma cleaning or metal ion etching treatment, a plasma arc deposition coating is performed, and Al 2 O 3 is sputter deposited on the coating by a PVD method through a metal target placed in an argon-oxygen mixed gas. coating. In addition, the Al 2 O 3 coating can also be applied as a separate coating to some special processing applications without the need for a base layer. The Al 2 O 3 coating was deposited using Hauzer's T-mode deposition technique. The T-mode technology features a unique sputter cathode design combined with an optimized gas distribution system. The enclosed magnetic field generated by the electromagnetic coil around the substrate provides for high ionization of the plasma - which is necessary to achieve the desired coating properties. The advantage of this new technology is that the process is easy to control and the deposition process is highly stable and reproducible. In addition, its deposition rate (≥0.5 microns / hour) can fully meet the process cycle requirements of industrial economic production. Coating application Al 2 O 3 coatings are widely used in cemented carbide inserts, and their advantages, such as excellent resistance to crater wear and thermal cracking resistance, are well known. An Al 2 O 3 coating is typically deposited on the cemented carbide insert using a CVD process. Due to the higher deposition temperature of the CVD process, the carbides in the cemented carbide become brittle, which limits the application of the insert in metal cutting (mainly milling). In processing applications where the toughness of the cutting edge is critical, this new PVD Al 2 O 3 coating process offers users new processing possibilities at lower deposition temperatures. Especially when milling stainless steel or difficult-to-machine materials, the performance of the new Al 2 O 3 coating system can be doubled compared to conventional PVD coatings. Processing field test results The earliest cutting test results were published in the Hauzer For You 10 magazine, when Performa AlOx-H debuted at the EMO 2005 exhibition. Then work with other major tool manufacturers to complete more testing. The test results and coating photographs of the X5CrNi1810 and 42CrMo4V workpiece materials processed by Al 2 O 3 coated tools are described below. Test 1: Workpiece material: X5CrNi1810; Tool: Carbide coated blade; Cutting parameters: vc = 251.32 m / min, f = 0.15 mm, ap = 2.5 mm, ae = 24 mm; Cutting length: 600 mm. Comparing the life of the PVD coated insert Performa Alox-H with conventional coated inserts, the life of the PVD coated insert Performa Alox-H is doubled. Test 2: Workpiece material: 42CrMo4V (DIN 1.7225); Tool: Carbide coated blade; Cutting parameters: vc = 200 m / min, f = 0.25 mm, ap = 2.5 mm, ae = 20 mm. The comparison of the average wear of the blade flank by the PVD coated insert Performa Alox-H and the conventional coated insert for the 42CrMo4V workpiece shows that the flank wear of the PVD coated insert Performa Alox-H when the milling length is 4000 mm Significantly lower than conventional coated blades.

Protective gel coating is a well-known process, but this process has evolved over the years, with producers seeking a balance between cost efficiency and process stability. After the disc has been sputtered with a reflective layer, the next step is to spin-coat a UV protective glue or paint (sometimes involved). The reflective layer is very thin and can be damaged if it is not protected. The metal layer itself cannot be treated. Contact with the metal layer can result in a decrease in reflectivity. Even if there is no physical contact with the reflective layer, most of the materials will react with the air quickly and will inevitably reduce the reflectivity to below the lower limit of the reflectance by 70%. The protective glue prevents chemical reactions of the metal layer and also prevents physical damage of the metal layer. The protective glue process consists of two main steps: spin-on protective glue and UV treatment. The early spin coaters were very large, using parallel conveyors to feed, and distinguished themselves from the current system in many important ways: the protective layer material was not UV-treated, but solvent-based, which meant that the spin-coated disks were not only Drying is required, and vaporized volatile solvents (generally toxic) need to be safely removed from the work area. This not only increases the complexity of the machinery, but also increases the cost. In particular, environmental protection laws in many places require the establishment of a solvent recovery system to strictly control the waste discharged into the air. Nowadays, the protective rubber process is considered to be a mature technology. Compared with the earlier mechanical devices, today's systems show light and high-efficiency characteristics in terms of feeding. The main components of the UV spin coater include a blanking bowl slightly larger than the disk size, a blanking arm, a free blanking nozzle, a feed chute, a material pump, and a motor for rotating the disk. In order to obtain a uniform spin coating effect, a pre-quantified protective glue is fed to the center of the disk. The disc speed is very low at the time of blanking to ensure that the protective tape dropped on the disc becomes evenly distributed. Obviously, in order to ensure uniform coating on the platter, it is necessary to strictly control the intrinsic viscosity of the material, the coating temperature, and the rpm of the platter. Once the protective glue is in place, the disc rotates at a high speed of 2000-6000 rpm, forcing the protective glue to coat the outer edge of the disc. The material thrown off the edge of the disc is returned to the feed tank to avoid waste. At the outer edge of the disc, there is an unsputtered area (this area is intentionally hidden when the reflective layer is plated), so the protective adhesive will directly adhere to the PC substrate and close the reflective layer to protect the air from the reflective layer. erosion. As with other optical disc production process stages, the protective glue process should also avoid defects. The main problem of the protective glue process is the splash spots and uneven thickness that occur when the coating is applied. Because the protective glue is applied to the back of the disc, it does not seem to be very important, and it is not. To meet the Red Book standards, the disc thickness must be 1.2mm, and the allowable tolerance range is very small. This thickness is the thickness of the entire disc, including PC substrate, protective adhesive and so on. The problem with CD-R becomes even more important: if the protective glue is too thin, it is not enough to protect the groove and the dye layer; if the protective glue is too thick, it affects the total number of times the disc is burned. The physical properties of UV adhesives are also very strict. The center hole is slightly smaller or the cartridge sleeve is slightly larger, or the combination of the two may cause the disk to be difficult to remove from the cartridge. Users generally use a method of bending the disk to remove the disk, so the protective layer must have sufficient plasticity To resist bending. Protective adhesives also need to have excellent adhesion properties, especially for very smooth gold reflective layers. The protective adhesive layer is very thin (usually 5 ~ 7μm), should have very tough characteristics to protect the reflective layer and pits susceptible to erosion. The protective adhesive should also have low shrinkage and certain resistance to peeling to prevent the protective layer from falling off during the process of moving the disc. Although the primary purpose of the protective adhesive is to protect the reflective layer, the printing properties of the protective adhesive surface (whether it is a white printed substrate and the final printed label) should also be considered when developing the protective adhesive formulation. Because the printing of the disk is performed on the protective layer, the printing medium and the protective layer should have better adhesion characteristics. Most UV protective adhesives appear to be transparent or yellowish, which can slightly affect the color of the substrate and ink. The protective glue is applied to the surface of the reflective layer of the disc in the form of a liquid, and the UV curing treatment is required after the coating is completed. "One to One"

Optical Brightener Agent for Plastic, Coating, Inks Model NO.: OB-1 Color: Green Appearance: Powder Specification: 98% HS Code: 320420 Certification: REACH Kind: Optical Brightening Agent Dosage: 0.005-0.03% Transport Package: 25kg/Drum Origin: China Chemical Name 2,2'-(1,2-Ethenediyldi-4,1-phenylene)bisbenzoxazole Molecular Formula C28H18N2O2 Molecular Weight 414.4 Structure CAS Number 1533-45-5 Specification Appearance: Yellowish green powder Melting point: 357~361°C Assay: 98% Volatiles Content 0.5%max Ash content: 0.50%max Packing 25 kg / fiber drum Applications Suitable for polyester fiber (PSF), nylon fiber and chemical fiber whitening. Applicable to PP, PVC, ABS, PA, PS, PC, PBT plastic whitening brightening, with excellent whitening effect. Suitable for whitening agent concentrated masterbatch added (such as: LDPE color concentrate) Recommended dosage: every 1000Kg polymer added amount of Optical brightener OB-1: polyester fiber 75-300g.(75-300ppm) Rigid PVC ,PP, ABS, Nylon, PC 20-50g.(20-50ppm). whitening concentrated masterbatch 5-7kg.(0.5-0.7%).

Recommended CROSSWAY Optical Custom Coating Glasses Plating the lens on the lens not only improves the wearer's face value, but also effectively enhances the clarity of the lens and allows the wearer to obtain a better visual effect. The coated lens is more scratch-resistant. , waterproof and other functions! Today, the CROSSWAY Optical Customization Center, a professional sports optics provider, enables near-sighted people to experience the bright colors of coated lenses. Oakley Flak 2.0 myopia custom (black red coating), coated lenses not only look good, coated lenses can also reduce the degree of light into the eye but does not affect the visual clarity. Coating makes the lens reduce reflection in the outdoor, while the lens has a sharp color, suitable for riding under light, boating, fishing, hiking and other sports. Especially in strong light or strong ultraviolet rays in alpine snow, the use of coated lenses can block ultraviolet rays and other rays from damaging the eyes, giving the eye better protection. Oakley Racing jacket myopia custom (gold coating), CROSSWAY optical custom center provides a variety of coating color options, with black and red, green, blue, purple and gold, just 10-15 working days for your sports glasses Coupled with a cool myopia custom coated lenses!

Rotary Piston Vacuum Pump Used for Evaporation Optical Coating Model NO.: 2H-225DV Ultimate Partial Pressure: 0.05PA Ultimate Total Pressure: 1PA Motor Power: 22kw-4p Suction: 150mm Discharge: 100mm Cooling Water(15oc Kg/H): 1200 Piston: 3-Piston Trademark: DVE Transport Package: Neutral Wood Case Specification: CE, ISO9001 Origin: China HS Code: 8414100090 Model NO.: 2H-225DV Ultimate Partial Pressure: 0.05PA Ultimate Total Pressure: 1PA Motor Power: 22kw-4p Suction: 150mm Discharge: 100mm Cooling Water(15oc Kg/H): 1200 Piston: 3-Piston Trademark: DVE Transport Package: Neutral Wood Case Specification: CE, ISO9001 Origin: China HS Code: 8414100090 DESCRIPTION: Rotary Piston Vacuum Pump can not only be operated independently, but also be a backing pump when combined with Roots Vacuum Pump, Oil Boater Pump, Oil Diffusion Pump, The pump must be fitted with appropriate accessories if the exhausted gas is corrosive to ferrous metal, reactive with vacuum pump oil, or rich in vapor and dust. PARAMETERS: Model Displacement Ultimate Partial Pressure Ultimate Total Pressure Motor Power Suction Discharge Cooling Water L/s CFM Pa Pa kW mm mm 15ºC kg/h 2H-8DVA 8 17 0.05 1 1.1 40 25 Air Cooled 2H-15DV 15 32 0.05 1 2.2, 1.5 50 40 100 2H-15DVA 15 32 0.05 1 2.2, 1.5 50 40 Air Cooled 2H-15DVW 15 32 0.05 1 2.2, 1.5 50 40 100 2H-30DV 30 65 0.05 1 4,3 63 50 200 2H-45DVA 45 95 0.05 1 4 63 50 Air Cooled 2H-50DV 50 105 0.05 1 5.5 80 63 300 2H-70DV 70 150 0.05 1 7.5 80 63 400 2H-80DV 85 180 0.05 1 7.5 80 63 500 2H-100DV 100 210 0.05 1 11 100 80 600 2H-100DV3 100 210 0.05 1 9 80 63 600 2H-120DV 120 255 0.05 1 11 100 80 600 2H-150DV 150 320 0.05 1 15 125 100 800 2H-160DV 160 340 0.05 1 15 125 100 800 2H-225DV 225 480 0.05 1 22 150 100 1200 2H-340DV 340 720 0.05 1 37 200 150 1800 2H-450DV 450 950 0.05 1 45,55 200 150 2400 H-25DV 25 52 0.5 3 2.2, 1.5 50 40 100 H-25DVA 25 52 0.5 3 2.2, 1.5 50 40 Air Cooled H-25DVW 25 52 0.5 3 2.2, 1.5 50 40 100 H-50DV 50 105 0.5 3 4,3 63 50 200 H-60DVA 60 130 0.5 3 4 63 50 Air Cooled H-70DV 70 150 0.5 3 5.5 80 63 300 H-100DV 105 223 0.5 3 7.5 80 63 400 H-105DV 110 235 0.5 3 7.5 80 63 450 H-130DV 130 275 0.5 3 9 80 63 500 H-150DVS 150 320 0.5 3 11 100 80 600 H-150DV 150 320 0.5 3 11,7.5 100 80 600 H-160DV 160 340 0.5 3 11 100 80 600 H-160DVS 160 340 0.5 3 11,7.5 100 80 600 H-215DV 215 456 0.5 3 15 100 80 800 H-225DV 225 480 0.5 3 15 125 100 800 H-300DV 300 635 0.5 3 22 150 100 1200 H-450DV 450 955 0.5 3 37 200 150 1800 H-600DV 600 1280 0.5 3 45 200 150 2400 H-150DVF 150 320 0.5 3 11 100 80 700 H-150 150 320 0.5 3 15 150 80 700 H-8A 150, 180 320, 380 1 6 15,18.5 150 80 700 NOTE: "Ultlmate Partlal Pressure"refers to Michael's vacuum gauge measuring the limit of partial pressure, "Ultimate Total Pressure"refers to full pressure vacuum gauges(such as thermal conductibity gauges)measuring vacuum degree. CURVE: ADVANTAGES: 1. Sino-US technical cooperation 2. The highly complete varieties of Rotary Piston Vacuum Pumps 3. Seriated design, specialized manufacture, high cost performance 4. Advanced structure, excellent performance, easy to use, high reliability and durability 5. Best-selling for domestic and overseas: United States, Germany, Korea, Canada, Finland, lran, Austria, Russia and Taiwan etc. APPLICATIONS: Widely used in production and development of new materials, new technologies and new process for vacuum crystal pulling, vacuum coating, vacuum metallurgy, vacuum heat treatment, vacuum impregnation, vacuum drying, vacuum disillation, vacuum kneading, aerospace simulation experiments. STRUCTURES: FACTORY OVERVIEWS: DVE SERVICES Standard: CE Mark, Spare Parts Of High Level Delivery: Normally according to our factory production schedule, but we can follow your first order time Warranty: If pump appear quality problems, free replacements of spare parts will be offered within one year WE CAN PROVIDE YOU 1. On-time Delivery, with More Choice 2. Perfect Technical Support 3. Customized Vacuum Solutions and Service 4. Samples Available 5. Long Quality Guarantee 6. Fast Response to Customers' Feedback in 12 hours

Why should we aim at 800 kilometers? Because this value is the highest expected value for most people's cruising range, if the electric vehicle's cruising range can't reach 800 kilometers, and the cost can be accepted by most people, the electric vehicle will have less popularity. So, we set this value to the goal of our Battery 500 project. The project began in 2009 and is dominated by the Almaden Research Center. Since then, IBM has conducted this research with a number of business partners and research institutes from Europe, Asia, and the United States. The Battery 500 project is based on metal-air technology. Compared to lithium batteries, metal-air batteries have more energy per unit mass. The project research still takes several years to be commercialized. But through these seven years of experiments, we can think that the future metal-air battery is indeed useful in electric vehicles. Why is it a metal-air battery? Taking lithium-air batteries as an example, to understand this problem, let's first look at the difference between lithium-ion batteries (now common lithium batteries) and lithium-air batteries. The figure below shows the internal state of the battery during charging and discharging of the lithium ion battery. In a conventional lithium ion battery, the positive electrode is carbon, and the negative electrode is composed of different transition metal oxides such as cobalt, nickel, manganese, and the like. Both electrodes were immersed in an electrolyte in which a lithium salt was dissolved. During charge and discharge, lithium ions move from one electrode to the other. The direction of movement differs depending on whether the battery is charged or discharged depending on the state of the battery. At the time of charge and discharge, lithium ions are finally embedded in the atomic layer of the electrode material, and thus the capacity of the final battery depends on how much material can accommodate lithium ions, that is, determined by the volume and quality of the electrodes. △ Lithium-ion battery charging and discharging process Lithium-air batteries vary. In metal-air batteries, an electrochemical reaction takes place. During the discharge process, the lithium-containing positive electrode releases lithium ions, and the lithium ions move toward the negative electrode and react with oxygen on the surface of the negative electrode to form lithium peroxide (Li 2 O 2 ). Lithium ions, electrons and oxygen react on the surface of the negative electrode formed by porous carbon, because the chemical reaction does not occur on the negative electrode, and the lithium ion is not the negative electrode material. Therefore, the capacity of the battery and the volume or mass of the negative electrode material are not too high. Big relationship, as long as there is enough surface area. That is to say, the capacity of the lithium-air battery is not determined by the volume and quality of the electrode, but the surface area of the electrode. This is why in a lithium-air battery, a small-mass electrode can also store a large amount of energy, resulting in a higher energy density. △ Lithium-air battery charging and discharging process Of course, in addition to energy density, cost is also an important consideration. The price of the battery is currently in the range of 200-300 US dollars / kWh, if you can run 5-6 km per kWh, 800 km need a 150 kWh battery, you need 30,000-4.5 million. A BMW 2 Series car only needs $33,000. Therefore, if you want to mass production, the price per kWh must drop below $100. What problems should I solve for lithium-air battery commercialization? When the lithium and oxygen are simply subjected to a redox reaction, the theoretical maximum energy density that can be produced is 3,460 Wh/kg. Aside from the portion of the cell that does not undergo a chemical reaction, the value of the energy density that can ultimately be achieved is also very desirable. Of course, you will also encounter problems. The charging process of a lithium-air battery is similar to that of a conventional lithium ion battery, as long as it is externally pressurized. The difference is that in a lithium-air battery, when there is an external voltage, the structure of the lithium peroxide is destroyed, and it is reduced to oxygen and lithium ions, and the lithium ions are returned to the positive electrode. Lithium-air batteries, like traditional lithium batteries, have more charge and discharge cycles and have more side effects inside the battery. These side effects are fundamental to their mass production and even commercialization. To understand the effects of these side effects on the battery, we used the electrochemical mass spectrometer at the research center to accurately measure the amount of gas consumed and produced during each charge and discharge cycle. As a result, a problem has been discovered: the lithium-air battery emits much less oxygen during charging than the oxygen consumed during discharge. (In the test, dry oxygen is used instead of air.) △ IBM Research Center's electrochemical mass spectrometer (: IBM) In an ideal battery cell, the oxygen consumed during discharge is equal to the mass of oxygen released during charging. But the study found that the amount of oxygen released is less, which means that the oxygen that is not released is likely to react with the components in the battery unit, such as melting into the electrolyte, the battery is inside. Consumption. In another IBM laboratory in Zurich, we conducted new experiments to track and computerize this self-destructive chemical reaction. Finally, the reason was found on the organic electrolyte. Then we studied this problem. In the latest battery unit, after using a new electrolyte, it can release most of the oxygen absorbed during discharge. In addition, we also track the consumption and production of hydrogen and water during charge and discharge, because the presence of these two substances means that there is likely to be at least one self-consumption chemical reaction inside the battery. Our current battery unit has been able to achieve 200 charge and discharge cycles, although this is to make the actual charging process far less than the theoretical maximum. In addition to this problem, we have some key findings about the various components of the lithium-air battery: 1. The positive electrode is different from the positive electrode made of graphite in the traditional lithium ion battery. In the lithium-air battery, the positive electrode containing lithium will change some surface during the charging process, and some moss-like or tree-like structure grows. It is a dendrite. These dendrites are very dangerous because they can form a conductive loop between the positive and negative electrodes to create a short circuit. △ Lithium-air battery positive electrode, after several tens of cycles, the surface produces dendritic structure In order to reduce the occurrence of dendrites, we used a special isolation membrane. This separator consists of a layer of material containing many nanoscale pores that are small enough and evenly distributed across the membrane to allow passage of lithium ions and to suppress dendritic production. Because of the presence of this separator, the anode remains smooth after several hundred charge cycles. If a traditional separator is used, dendrites will occur after several cycles. If you use a glass polymer with conductive ions, the effect will be better. △ Lithium-air battery positive electrode, after using nano-isolation film, the surface remains smooth 2. The electrolyte currently used in the electrolyte still reacts with oxygen or other compounds produced in the charge and discharge cycle and is thus consumed. So far, we have not found any solvent that is stable enough to allow the lithium-air battery to enter the commercial stage. 3. During the charging process, lithium ions may react with the negative electrode to produce lithium nitrate. Lithium nitrate also reacts with the electrolyte, consuming the electrolyte and producing carbon dioxide. In the test, we also tracked the amount of lithium nitrate produced and took some measures to reduce its production. However, because the required charging voltage must be higher than the operating voltage of the battery by at least 700mV. Overvoltage will reduce the charging efficiency of the battery. We have tried to convert carbon to some other metal oxides, and the results have not changed much. 4. Catalysts Regarding whether or not to use catalysts in metal-air batteries, there have been many debates between the pros and the opponents. The use of a catalyst can significantly reduce the occurrence of overpressure conditions, but the same catalyst will generally also accelerate the consumption of electrolyte. In our theoretical studies, the activation energy is very low in the oxidation and reduction of lithium. Therefore, in lithium-air batteries, the catalyst is not necessary. 5. Preparation of air Although the battery is called a lithium air battery, in fact we use dry oxygen. Emphasis is placed on "drying" because it is only necessary to remove the components of water vapor and carbon dioxide in the air. To mass-produce such air in commercial batteries, a light, efficient, and stable air purification system is needed. From this perspective, the practical application of lithium-air batteries may be in buses, trucks, and other large vehicles. Only these large vehicles can accommodate air purification equipment. The battery unit currently used for testing is still small in size, 76 mm in diameter and 13 mm in length, which is far from enough for the standard of electric vehicles. So one of the most important tasks that needs to be done is how to make larger battery cells, package and pack many battery cells into one battery pack, and then have a battery management system. We are also testing some different sizes, such as 100 x 100mm (100mm diameter, 100mm length). At present, this project is still in the initial basic science stage on materials and chemical reactions, but the results obtained are positive. In our study, the energy density that can now be achieved is lithium oxidoreductive reaction of 15 kWh/kg (using a raw carbon cathode, 5700 mAh x 2.7 V/g), and the energy density in the cell is approximately 800 Wh/kg. Sodium-air battery: low energy density, but in stable metal-air batteries, there are many metals that can be used, in addition to lithium, sodium and potassium. The reverse reaction of these metals is easier, and relatively heavier metals such as magnesium, aluminum, zinc, iron, etc. have been proven to be difficult to recharge, so the Battery 500 project chose to study both lithium and sodium. metal. Sodium-air batteries are another interesting combination, although the energy density that can be achieved is lower compared to lithium-air batteries, but its benefits are more stable. The reason why the energy density is low is that the chemical reaction generated is different. As mentioned above, in lithium-air batteries, lithium reacts with oxygen to produce lithium peroxide (Li2O2), but in sodium-air batteries, sodium reacts with oxygen using only one electron, resulting in sodium superoxide NaO2. Instead of sodium peroxide, Na2O2. In comparison, the energy density that a sodium-air battery can produce is theoretically reduced by half, and the theoretical upper limit of energy density is 1100 wh/kg. On the other hand, sodium-air batteries are more efficient than lithium-air batteries, and the overvoltage is quite low, less than 20mV (700mV for lithium). In view of this, the operating voltage of the battery unit can be reduced to 3V, so that the self-consumption of other components inside the battery can be reduced a lot, such as electrolyte. We measured it by experiment and got it verified. This has the advantage that the stability of the battery is quite high, and the capacity of the battery hardly changes after 50 charge and discharge cycles. There are also some challenges in the commercial use of sodium-air batteries. For example, a sodium-air battery consumes twice as much oxygen as a lithium-air battery in response to a reaction, equivalent to the amount of air required to produce a piston engine of the same power. In addition, the chemical activity of sodium metal is quite high, and many people will remember the demonstration made by the chemistry teacher in the high school classroom. A small piece of sodium is thrown into the water, and a violent chemical reaction will occur. However, lithium is a rare metal and it is not cheap. But sodium is a common metal and the cost is extremely low. The cost of materials in the same size sodium-air battery is less than one tenth of that in lithium-air batteries. Although in the long run, lithium-air batteries will have better performance, but considering the stability and cost, the sodium-air battery that is not as low as the energy will be a better choice from the current battery to the future. 0 times Window._bd_share_config = { "common": { "bdSnsKey": {}, "bdText": "", "bdMini": "2", "bdMiniList": false, "bdPic": "", "bdStyle": " 0", "bdSize": "24" }, "share": {}, "image": { "viewList": ["qzone", "tsina", "tqq", "renren", "weixin"], "viewText": "Share to:", "viewSize": "16" }, "selectShare": { "bdContainerClass": null, "bdSelectMiniList": ["qzone", "tsina", "tqq", "renren" , "weixin"] } }; with (document) 0[(getElementsByTagName('head')[0] || body).appendChild(createElement('script')).src = 'http://bdimg.share. Baidu.com/static/api/js/share.js?v=89860593.js?cdnversion=' + ~(-new Date() / 36e5)];

Overview DP81949 dielectric loss and dielectric constant tester is our company's latest generation of universal, multi-purpose, multi-range impedance test equipment. It uses a single-chip computer as the control and measurement core of the instrument, and truly realizes the dielectric loss and the digitization of the dielectric constant tester. The capacitance, inductance, Q value, and signal source frequency are all displayed on a liquid crystal screen. When you operate, you no longer need to pay attention to the range and conversion units. At any frequency, as long as the resonance point can be found, the inductance and capacitance values can be read directly, which greatly expands the measurement range of the inductor, and the inductance value can be measured only at a fixed frequency.

Model GX-1050A GX-800A GX-900A GX1200A Coating room size 1050 * 1250304 stainless steel. 800 * 1000 900 * 1050 1200 * 1250 Coated cavity size Fixture support from the ground 1680mm, suitable for the operation of human engineering. Fixture support from the ground 1468mm, suitable for the operation of human engineering. Fixture support from the ground 1510mm, suitable for the operation of human engineering. 1 arch type single work piece, to a greater extent to meet the needs of customers for uniformity. Rotating 5-30r/min, stepless speed change. 2 arch type three workpiece plate, the rotation of the planet, to a greater extent to meet the needs of customers on the production. Rotating 5-30r/min, stepless speed change. Tooling fixture For four pieces, bracket angle is adjustable to a greater extent to meet customer needs uniformity. Rotating 5-30r/min, stepless speed change. Arch type single work piece, to a greater extent to meet the needs of customers for uniformity. Rotating 5-30r/min, stepless speed change. Arch type single work piece, to a greater extent to meet the needs of customers for uniformity. Rotating 5-30r/min, stepless speed change. vacuum system Unit: diffusion pump DIP-12000 (Lai Bao), ZJY-300 2X-70 roots pump, mechanical pump, pump maintenance 2X-8. Pipe for 304 stainless steel. Unit: diffusion pump KT-400 (Zhen Hua), ZJY-150 2X-70 roots pump, mechanical pump, pump maintenance 2X-8. Unit: diffusion pump KT-600 (Zhen Hua), ZJY-600 2X-70 roots pump, mechanical pump, pump maintenance 2X-8. Unit: diffusion pump KT-800 (Zhen Hua), ZJY-600 2X-70 roots pump, mechanical pump, pump maintenance 2X-8. Ultimate vacuum: better than 4 x Pa 10-4. Configuration of anti turbulence equipment, safety interlock design, manual, automatic optional. heating system Heating pipe on the heating mode, PID control, the highest 350 C + 1.5. Gas inflation Gas mass flow control instrument or manual fine adjustment charging valve. Vacuum ionization bombardment DC 3KV, 06KW rod cathode (for coating before the self cleaning of the workpiece). Evaporation source (optional) 1 TELEMARK-270 electron gun (import), 6KW, high pressure 4KV-10KV adjustable. Scanning, scanning, circular scanning and spiral scanning. The focus of the beam spot is good, the positioning accuracy is high, and the reproducibility is good. 2 domestic electron gun (Zhen Hua): 6KW, high pressure 4 KV ~ 8KV adjustable, can freely choose triangle wave, sine wave, square wave scanning. 3: Six hole crucible Phi 38 * 20 or four hole crucible Phi 38 * 20 plus a 87 point center arc arc crucible (for a large amount of low melting point evaporation materials) or four points with 48 x 18 crucible. Ion source (optional) 1 RF (radio frequency) ion source (import). 2 5KVA Holzer ion source (Zhen Huachan), used for electroplating before cleaning or plating process to assist plating, is conducive to improve the film refractive index, firmness, improve the film density, adhesion. Film thickness control system (selection) 1.MDC-360 crystal control device (imported) can store 1 ~ 99 layer automatic coating process, 99 Kinds of program data, precision 0.5%+1 fixed error. 2TELEMARK-880 crystal control device (imported): can store 1 to 99 layers of automatic coating process, 99 Kinds of program data. Precision 0.5%+1 fixed error. 3.TELEMARK-820 photocontroller (import): full spectrum end using a multi wavelength analysis technology, through the transmission of monitoring 370-870 mm (or reflectance) curve analysis to determine the end of the film. The control precision is high, and the single wave length control, automatic control and manual control can be used. Additional MACILEOD membrane system calculation software, high degree of integration. 4.TELEMARK-820 light controller with TELEMARK-880 controller can meet the crystal film with high accuracy and high repeatability requirements. With the host computer can realize automatic control. 5 domestic photocontroller (such as type 9704 supporting the monochromator wavelength 330 ~ 870 etc.) adjustable, precision can reach 1.5nm. Hand operated device With magnetic base, can be placed in the vacuum chamber door and control cabinet arbitrary position.

1. Adjust the electrodes of the oil cup and place the oil cup on the high pressure side of the plexiglass. 2. Put the plexiglass cover of the stirring motor on the oil cup, and insert the plug of the motor into the stirring hole. 3. Connect the grounding cable, plug in the power cable, and turn on the power switch. The zero indicator light should be on. If it is off, the instrument will automatically return to zero position. 4, pure digital DSP chip control circuit, through the DSP chip programming launch and receive, high-power infrared transceiver to receive the right, low-power digital frequency conversion processing technology, reduce false positives, to eliminate false negatives, truly against infrared intelligent invasion. 5. Press the [Confirmation Key" to start the test automatically according to the set command. When the insulation oil breaks down, the instrument will automatically stir and the display will show the voltage of each test. After the static time command is over, the instrument will automatically calculate The average of the compressive strength is displayed on the LCD screen. 6. If you want to print, press the "Print button" to print out the integrated average dielectric strength of the insulating oil. Precautions 1. The instrument is a high-voltage product. Before the work, the grounding wire must be firmly connected to prevent accidents. 2. The high-pressure part of the product is cast with epoxy and should be placed in a relatively dry place with a relative humidity of no more than 80%.

Prism door continued: France asks Google to revise privacy policy Beijing time, June 21, according to foreign media reports, the French data protection regulator National Information Freedom Commission (hereinafter referred to as "CNIL") on Thursday asked Google to modify its privacy policy, otherwise it will face fines, and thus the first in Europe to request Google Clarify their intentions and methods of collecting user data. CNIL said that Google `s privacy policy violates French law, and Google must make changes within three months, otherwise it will face a fine of up to 150,000 euros (approximately US $ 201,100). Two fines of 300,000 euros. CNIL said similar investigation procedures are also underway in the UK, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain. Overall, Google may face a fine of millions of euros. Since Google began implementing the new privacy policy in March 2012, CNIL has been leading European investigations into this new privacy policy. CNIL President Isabelle Falque-PierroTIn said: "By the end of July, all EU data protection regulators will take mandatory measures against Google." Privacy policy investigated Last year, Google merged its 60 privacy policies into one, and began to integrate personal user data collected through its services such as YouTube, Gmail, and social network Google+, and users have no choice. To this end, data protection regulators in some European countries launched a joint investigation until February this year to make recommendations to require Google to modify its privacy policy, but Google is indifferent. Google has repeatedly met with the personnel of these regulatory agencies, saying that the merged privacy policy is for users to more easily understand. CNIL's move is regarded by legal experts and policy makers as a touchstone for whether Europe can influence the behavior of international Internet companies. The UK is still investigating whether Google has violated its laws and will soon send a letter to Google regarding its findings. Google said it will continue to cooperate with regulators in other countries such as France. A Google spokesperson said: "Our privacy policy respects European laws, allowing us to provide simpler and more efficient services. We have been fully cooperating with relevant regulatory agencies in their investigations and will continue to work with them as always." The timing is delicate France is asking Google to revise its privacy policy at a delicate moment. Recently, the US National Security Agency was exposed to secretly collect user data through Google `s nine largest Internet companies, including Google, to track individual behavior and contact. The exposure of the so-called "Prism" surveillance project has caused widespread concern and the US Congress' hearing on the scope of government information collection. The European people and their leaders expressed their anger at their lack of legal rights to protect themselves from such surveillance. US President Barack Obama was also forced to defend the surveillance project for a long time at a press conference in Germany on Wednesday. Perrotin said that the [Prism" surveillance scandal highlights the fact that there is an urgent need for greater transparency and the need to understand the protection of personal data. She said: "In the massive data collected by Google, people do not even realize that there is a lot of personal information. What we want to say to Google is that we want Google to disclose what it has done." Two options In April this year, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain launched national investigation procedures to investigate whether Google `s privacy policy violated the laws of their respective countries. The biggest concern in these countries is Google `s method of integrating anonymous data. Google collects these anonymous data from users `browsing history through its services to more effectively publish targeted advertisements. CNIL said on Thursday that Google `s privacy policy is ambiguous and users cannot understand Google `s intentions and methods of collecting their personal information. Now there are two roads facing Google, either to negotiate with the regulatory agencies of these countries and modify the privacy policy, or to fight against them. At present, such sanctions against Google cannot be implemented within the EU, and must be implemented separately by each country. However, the European Parliament is currently negotiating a draft data protection law. According to this draft, those who violate the draft may face a fine of up to 2% of their global annual revenue. Privacy is not the only legal problem Google faces in Europe. At present, Google is still seeking to reconcile a three-year investigation with the antitrust regulator, this is a survey on whether Google squeezes out other competitors in search results. In addition, Belgium has launched a survey of Google `s Android software to determine whether the software interferes with competition in its mobile phone market.

Innovative Materials and Technological Progress Drive the Flourishing Development of the Optical Component Market In today's rapidly changing technology, optical components, as core components in many fields, are increasingly showing their importance. The continuous emergence of innovative materials and technological progress is driving the optical component market into a new era of vigorous development. 1. Innovative materials lead development With the deepening of research on new materials, the manufacturing materials of optical components are also constantly innovating. The emergence of new optical glass, crystals, thin films and other materials provides strong support for the performance improvement and functional innovation of optical components. These new materials not only have excellent physical and chemical properties, but also can to some extent reduce production costs and improve production efficiency. 2. Technological progress drives the market In terms of manufacturing technology, with the continuous progress of nanotechnology, laser processing, precision grinding and other technologies, the manufacturing accuracy and performance of optical components are also constantly improving. The application of these advanced technologies has made significant breakthroughs in the resolution, transparency, stability, and other aspects of optical components, further expanding their application scope in various fields. 3. International cooperation and exchange In the context of globalization, international cooperation and exchanges in the optical component industry are becoming increasingly frequent. Through cooperation with international advanced enterprises and research institutions, not only can advanced technology and management experience be introduced, but new products, technologies, and markets can also be jointly developed. This kind of cooperation and exchange is of great significance for promoting innovation and development in the optical component industry. 4. Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development While pursuing economic benefits, the optical component industry has also begun to pay attention to environmental protection and sustainable development. By adopting environmentally friendly materials, optimizing production processes, and reducing energy consumption, optical component companies are striving to achieve green production and sustainable development. This not only helps to enhance the social image and competitiveness of enterprises, but also conforms to the trend of global sustainable development. 5. Future outlook Looking ahead to the future, with the continuous emergence of new materials and technologies and the continuous growth of market demand, the optical component industry will usher in a broader development space. Meanwhile, with the recovery of the global economy and the rise of emerging markets, the competitive landscape of the optical component market will also undergo profound changes. In this new era full of opportunities and challenges, optical component enterprises need to constantly innovate and actively respond to market changes in order to stand invincible in competition. In short, innovative materials and technological progress are key factors driving the flourishing development of the optical component market. In the future development, the optical component industry needs to continue to strengthen innovation cooperation and communication, continuously improve product performance and application areas, and make greater contributions to global technological progress and social development.

The dielectric loss factor (dielectric loss factor) refers to a parameter that measures the degree of dielectric loss. Dielectric loss refers to the energy loss caused by the insulating material under the electric field due to the hysteresis effect of dielectric conductance and dielectric polarization. Also called media loss, referred to as dielectric loss. 1, dielectric loss What is the dielectric loss: the energy loss caused by the insulation material under the electric field due to the hysteresis effect of the dielectric conductance and dielectric polarization. Also called media loss, referred to as dielectric loss. 2. Dielectric loss angle δ The residual angle (δ) of the angle between the current phasor flowing through the dielectric and the voltage phasor (power factor angle Φ) under the action of an alternating electric field. Referred to as the dielectric loss angle. Detailed description of dielectric loss factor 1, dielectric loss tangent value tgδ The dielectric loss factor atlas, also known as the dielectric loss factor, refers to the dielectric loss tangent, referred to as the dielectric loss tangent. The dielectric loss factor is defined as follows: If the current phasor and voltage phasor of the sample are obtained: the total current can be decomposed into a combination of the capacitor current Ic and the resistance current IR, so this is the tangent of the loss angle δ=(90°-Φ). Therefore, the current digital instrument essentially obtains the dielectric loss factor by measuring δ or Φ. Measuring dielectric loss is a traditional and very effective method for judging the insulation of electrical equipment. The decrease in insulation capacity is directly reflected in the increase in dielectric loss. Further, it is possible to analyze the causes of the drop in insulation, such as: insulation moisture, insulation oil contamination, aging deterioration, and the like. While measuring the dielectric loss, the capacitance of the sample can also be obtained. If one or several of the multiple capacitive screens are short-circuited or open-circuited, the capacitance changes significantly, so the capacitance is also an important parameter. 2. The power factor cos Φ power factor is the cosine of the power factor angle Φ, which is the proportion of the active power P in the total apparent power S of the tested product. The power factor is defined as follows: Some dielectric loss testers are used to display the power factor (PF:cosΦ) instead of the dielectric loss factor (DF:tgδ). Generally cosΦ "tgδ, the two values are very close when the loss is very small. 3, high-voltage capacitor bridge high-voltage capacitor bridge standard channel input standard capacitor current, test channel input sample current. The test piece capacitance was measured by the ratio of the current amplitude by measuring the tg δ of the current phase difference. Therefore, measuring the dielectric loss with a bridge also requires carrying a standard capacitor, boost PT and voltage regulator. Wiring is also very cumbersome. Hydrogen generator stator bar dielectric loss factor synthesis calculation study Atlas 4, high-voltage dielectric loss measuring instrument referred to as dielectric loss instrument, refers to the use of the bridge principle, the application of digital measurement technology, the dielectric loss tangent and capacitance A new type of instrument for automatic measurement. It generally consists of three parts: high voltage bridge, high voltage test power supply and high voltage standard capacitor. AI-6000 uses the principle of frequency conversion anti-interference and uses Fourier transform digital waveform analysis technology to calculate the standard current and sample current, which has strong interference suppression capability and accurate and stable measurement results. 5, external application using external high-voltage test power supply and standard capacitors for testing, the value of the dielectric loss meter is calculated according to a certain proportional relationship to obtain the measurement results. 6. The internal application method is carried out by using a high-voltage power supply and a standard device in the dielectric loss meter to directly obtain the measurement result. 7. Positive wiring is used to measure the method of ungrounded test sample. When measuring, the dielectric loss measuring circuit is at ground potential. 8. The reverse wiring is used to measure the method of grounding the test sample. When measuring, the measuring circuit of the dielectric loss meter is at a high potential, and the test voltage is withstand between the outer casing and the outer casing. 9. Classification of commonly used dielectric loss devices The commonly used dielectric loss devices are Xilin type and M type. QS1 and AI-6000 are Xilin type. 10. Common anti-interference methods There are three common anti-interference methods in dielectric loss measurement: phase inversion method, phase shift method and frequency conversion method. The AI-6000 uses an inverter method to resist interference and supports phase-inversion measurement. 11. Accuracy representation method tgδ: ±(1%D+0.0004)Cx:±(1%C+1pF)+ is expressed as relative error, and + is expressed as absolute error. The small relative error means that the linearity of the range of the instrument is good, and the small absolute error means that the error starting point of the instrument is low. The difference between the reading and the standard value during calibration shall be less than the above accuracy, otherwise it will be the excess. 12. Anti-interference index The anti-interference index is the maximum ratio of interference current to test current under the premise of satisfying the accuracy of the instrument. The larger the ratio, the better the anti-interference performance. The AI-6000 can still achieve the above accuracy under 200% interference (ie, I interference / I sample ≤ 2). 3. Calculation formula of dielectric loss The dielectric loses power under the action of a constant electric field. W=U2/R=(Ed)2S/ρd=σE2Sd Defining the dielectric loss per unit volume as the dielectric loss rate ω=σE2 Under the action of alternating electric field, the electric displacement D and the electric field strength E both become complex vectors. At this time, the dielectric constant also becomes a complex number, and the imaginary part represents the amount of energy loss in the dielectric. Phase relationship diagram between D, E, and J As shown, from a circuit point of view, the current density in the dielectric is J=dD/dt=d(εE)/dt=Jτ+iJe Where Jτ is in phase with E. It is called active current density, which leads to energy loss; Je, which is 90° ahead of E, is called reactive current density. definition Tanδ=Jτ/Je=ε〞/εˊ In the formula, δ is called the loss angle, and tan δ is called the loss tangent. The loss tangent is the amount of energy that is consumed to obtain a given stored charge, and is an important evaluation parameter when the dielectric is used as an insulating material. In order to reduce dielectric loss, it is desirable for the material to have a smaller dielectric constant and a smaller loss tangent. The reciprocal of the loss factor Q = (tan δ) - 1 is called the quality factor of the dielectric under high frequency insulation application conditions, and it is expected that its value is high. Tan δ is called the tangent of the dielectric loss angle. It is the ratio of the active component to the reactive component in the dielectric under AC voltage. It is a dimensionless number that reflects the amount of energy loss per unit volume in the dielectric. Dielectric loss The dielectric loss is proportional to the applied voltage, the power supply frequency, the dielectric capacitance C, and the dielectric loss factor tan δ. However, it is inconvenient to use the dielectric loss P to indicate the quality of the medium, because the P value is related to the test voltage, the size of the medium (shape, size, thickness, etc.), etc., and it is difficult to compare the different devices, so it is not accurate. Reflects the insulation of the dielectric. When the applied voltage and frequency are constant, the dielectric loss is only related to the equivalent capacitance and dielectric loss factor of the medium. For a certain structure and the formed dielectric, the equivalent capacitance is a fixed value, so tan δ completely reflects the dielectric loss. It is used to evaluate the insulation level of high-voltage power equipment, which is a physical quantity that is independent of the material size depending only on the characteristics of the material. Therefore, in the engineering, the value of the tangent tan δ of the dielectric loss angle is used to judge the quality of the medium and characterize the loss of the dielectric.

Optical microscope structure The optical microscope is mainly composed of a mechanical part, an illumination part and an optical part. Mechanical part Mirror base: The base of the microscope to support the entire mirror body. Mirror column: The part of the mirror that is upright, used to connect the mirror base and the mirror arm. Mirror arm: one end is connected to the mirror column, and one end is connected to the lens barrel, specifically the part that is held when the microscope is taken. The lens barrel is connected to the front upper side of the mirror arm, the eyepiece is mounted on the upper end of the lens barrel, and the objective lens converter is mounted on the lower end. The objective lens converter: also called the rotator, is connected to the lower part of the prism shell and can be freely rotated. There are 3 to 4 circular holes on the disc, which is the position of the objective lens. You can change the objective lens of different multiples by simply turning the converter. When you hear the click, you can observe. At this time, the optical axis of the objective lens is just aligned with the center of the light-passing hole, and the optical path is turned on. After converting the objective lens, the coarse adjuster is not allowed, and only the fine adjuster can be used to make the image clearer. Stage: The stage is below the barrel. The shape is square and round. It is generally used to place slide specimens. There are light holes in the center. The microscope we usually use has glass on the stage. The specimen propeller has a spring clip on the left side of the propeller for holding the specimen of the slide. At the same time, there is also a propeller adjustment wheel under the stage, which can make the slide specimen move flexibly in the left and right direction. Regulator: It is a large and small spiral mounted on the mirror column. When adjusting, the mirror can move freely in the up and down direction. 1. Coarse regulator (ie coarse spiral): The large spiral is called the coarse adjuster. When moving, the stage can be moved quickly and with a large amplitude. At the same time, the distance between the objective lens and the specimen can be quickly adjusted to make the object appear on the object. In the field of vision, in general, when using a low power mirror, you should first use the coarse adjuster to quickly find the object. 2. Fine adjuster (ie fine focus spiral): Small spiral is called fine adjuster. It can make the stage rise and fall slowly when moving. It is generally used when using high power mirror to get clearer image and better. Observe the different levels of the specimen and the structure of different depths. The illuminated part is usually mounted under the stage, including mirrors and concentrators. Reflector: mounted on the lens holder, it can be flexed in any direction. At the same time, it has two sides, flat and concave. It can reflect the light from the light source to the concentrator, and then illuminate the specimen through the light hole. The concave mirror has a strong light collecting effect. It is suitable for use when the light is weak. The plane mirror has a weak light collecting effect and is suitable for use when the light is strong. The concentrator: and the concentrator are located on the concentrator frame below the stage, and are composed of a concentrating mirror and an aperture, which can concentrate the light on the specimen to be observed. 1. Condenser: It consists of one or several lenses, which acts to converge light, further enhances the illumination of the specimen, and enables light to enter the objective lens. At the same time, there is an adjustment spiral next to the mirror column, which can be flexibly raised and lowered. To adjust the brightness of the field of view. 2. Aperture: and rainbow aperture, located under the concentrating mirror, generally consists of more than a dozen sheets of metal, a handle will be extended on the outside, push it to adjust the size of the opening, and further adjust the amount of light. Optical part Eyepiece: mounted on the upper end of the lens barrel, usually equipped with 2-3, while engraved with 5 ×, 10 × or 15 × symbols to indicate its magnification, generally installed 10 × eyepiece. Objective lens: It is mounted on the rotator at the lower end of the lens barrel. It is usually equipped with 3-4 objective lenses, the shortest engraved with the "10×" symbol, which is a low magnification mirror. The longer is engraved with the "40×" symbol, which is high. The mirror, the longest engraved with the "100 ×" symbol is the oil mirror. In addition, a circle of different colors is often added to the high power mirror and the oil mirror to distinguish the two. Beijing Khan Meng Zixing Instrument Co., Ltd. ( )

Optical experts talk about how optical lenses are recognized? [China Glass Network] At present, optical experts have analyzed that the types of spectacle lenses are roughly divided into five types: anti-reflective protective lenses, colored lenses, painted lenses, polarized lenses and color-changing lenses. 1. Anti-reflective protective lens This kind of spectacle lens is coated with a thin layer of magnesium fluoride to prevent strong light reflection, so that you can see things more clearly and not interfere with strong light. To check if your glasses are really anti-reflective lenses, you can align the glasses with the light source. If you see a purple-green reflective, it means that there is indeed an anti-reflective protective film on the lens. 2, color lenses are also called "dyeing lenses", which is in the process of lens production, plus some chemicals, so that the lens color, to absorb light of a specific wavelength. This is the type of lens that sunglasses use more often. 3, coloring lens This kind of spectacle lens presents the same effect as the colored lens, only in the different way, it is the color applied to the surface of the lens, more commonly known as the "gradient color coating lens", the color is The top is deeper, then it goes down. Generally, sunglasses with degrees are mostly processed by coloring. 4. Polarized lenses In order to filter the glare of the sun in the equal direction on the surface of the water, land or snow, a vertical special coating is added to the lens, which is called a polarized lens. It is more suitable for outdoor sports (for example: sea activities, skiing or fishing). 5, color lens is also known as "photosensitive lens." Because the silver halide chemical is added to the lens, the original transparent and colorless lens will become a colored lens when it is exposed to strong light, so it is suitable for indoor and outdoor use.

Optical microscope structure The optical microscope is mainly composed of a mechanical part, an illumination part and an optical part. Mechanical part Mirror base: The base of the microscope to support the entire mirror body. Mirror column: The part of the mirror that is upright, used to connect the mirror base and the mirror arm. Mirror arm: one end is connected to the mirror column, and one end is connected to the lens barrel, specifically the part that is held when the microscope is taken. The lens barrel is connected to the front upper side of the mirror arm, the eyepiece is mounted on the upper end of the lens barrel, and the objective lens converter is mounted on the lower end. The objective lens converter: also called the rotator, is connected to the lower part of the prism shell and can be freely rotated. There are 3 to 4 circular holes on the disc, which is the position of the objective lens. You can change the objective lens of different multiples by simply turning the converter. When you hear the click, you can observe. At this time, the optical axis of the objective lens is just aligned with the center of the light-passing hole, and the optical path is turned on. After converting the objective lens, the coarse adjuster is not allowed, and only the fine adjuster can be used to make the image clearer. Stage: The stage is below the barrel. The shape is square and round. It is generally used to place slide specimens. There are light holes in the center. The microscope we usually use has glass on the stage. The specimen propeller has a spring clip on the left side of the propeller for holding the specimen of the slide. At the same time, there is also a propeller adjustment wheel under the stage, which can make the slide specimen move flexibly in the left and right direction. Regulator: It is a large and small spiral mounted on the mirror column. When adjusting, the mirror can move freely in the up and down direction. 1. Coarse regulator (ie coarse spiral): The large spiral is called the coarse adjuster. When moving, the stage can be moved quickly and with a large amplitude. At the same time, the distance between the objective lens and the specimen can be quickly adjusted to make the object appear on the object. In the field of vision, in general, when using a low power mirror, you should first use the coarse adjuster to quickly find the object. 2. Fine adjuster (ie fine focus spiral): Small spiral is called fine adjuster. It can make the stage rise and fall slowly when moving. It is generally used when using high power mirror to get clearer image and better. Observe the different levels of the specimen and the structure of different depths. The illuminated part is usually mounted under the stage, including mirrors and concentrators. Reflector: mounted on the lens holder, it can be flexed in any direction. At the same time, it has two sides, flat and concave. It can reflect the light from the light source to the concentrator, and then illuminate the specimen through the light hole. The concave mirror has a strong light collecting effect. It is suitable for use when the light is weak. The plane mirror has a weak light collecting effect and is suitable for use when the light is strong. The concentrator: and the concentrator are located on the concentrator frame below the stage, and are composed of a concentrating mirror and an aperture, which can concentrate the light on the specimen to be observed. 1. Condenser: It consists of one or several lenses, which acts to converge light, further enhances the illumination of the specimen, and enables light to enter the objective lens. At the same time, there is an adjustment spiral next to the mirror column, which can be flexibly raised and lowered. To adjust the brightness of the field of view. 2. Aperture: and rainbow aperture, located under the concentrating mirror, generally consists of more than a dozen sheets of metal, a handle will be extended on the outside, push it to adjust the size of the opening, and further adjust the amount of light. Optical part Eyepiece: mounted on the upper end of the lens barrel, usually equipped with 2-3, while engraved with 5 ×, 10 × or 15 × symbols to indicate its magnification, generally installed 10 × eyepiece. Objective lens: It is mounted on the rotator at the lower end of the lens barrel. It is usually equipped with 3-4 objective lenses, the shortest engraved with the "10×" symbol, which is a low magnification mirror. The longer is engraved with the "40×" symbol, which is high. The mirror, the longest engraved with the "100 ×" symbol is the oil mirror. In addition, a circle of different colors is often added to the high power mirror and the oil mirror to distinguish the two. Beijing Khan Meng Zixing Instrument Co., Ltd. ( )